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Nobel Prize Winners
List of Nobel Laureates
The Nobel Prize is an award given to people or sometimes organisations, who have been recognised as having made outstanding achievements that benefit the whole of mankind. Originally there were 5 categories for which prizes were awarded; physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace. Since 1968 a further category has been included; Economics.
Generally the prizes are awarded each year on December the 10th, ever since the Nobel foundation was set up. The Nobel prize was created due to the last wishes of Alfred Nobel in his will. Nobel was a Swedish industrialist who was famous for having invented dynamite. It is said that his reason for creating a prize to celebrate the best ideas that benefit society was a direct result of his unhappiness at having invented a substance so associated with destruction.
The Nobel prize winners are usually announced in October. This year the winners are announced on separate days from the 3rd to the 10th of October 2005
| Year | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine | Nobel Prize in Chemistry | Nobel Prize in Physics |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | Barry J. Marshall, J. Robin Warren | Yves Chauvin, Richard Schrock, Robert Grubbs | Roy J. Glauber, John L. Hall, Theodor W. Hansch |
| 2004 | Richard Axel, Linda B. Buck | Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose | David J. Gross, H. David Politzer, Frank Wilczek |
| 2003 | Paul C. Lauterbur, Sir Peter Mansfield | Peter Agre, Roderick MacKinnon | Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg, Anthony J. Leggett |
| 2002 | Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John E. Sulston | John B. Fenn, Koichi Tanaka, Kurt Wüthrich | Raymond Davis Jr., Masatoshi Koshiba, Riccardo Giacconi |
| 2001 | Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt, Sir Paul Nurse | William S. Knowles, Ryoji Noyori, K. Barry Sharpless | Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Carl E. Wieman |
| 2000 | Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, Eric R. Kandel | Alan Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa | Zhores I. Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, Jack S. Kilby |
| 1999 | Günter Blobel | Ahmed Zewail | Gerardus 't Hooft, Martinus J.G. Veltman |
| 1998 | Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad | Walter Kohn, John Pople | Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer, Daniel C. Tsui |
| 1997 | Stanley B. Prusiner | Paul D. Boyer, John E. Walker, Jens C. Skou | Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, William D. Phillips |
| 1996 | Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel | Robert F. Curl Jr., Sir Harold Kroto, Richard E. Smalley | David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson |
| 1995 | Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric F. Wieschaus | Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina, F. Sherwood Rowland | Martin L. Perl, Frederick Reines |
| 1994 | Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell | George A. Olah | Bertram N. Brockhouse, Clifford G. Shull |
| 1993 | Richard J. Roberts, Phillip A. Sharp | Kary B. Mullis, Michael Smith | Russell A. Hulse, Joseph H. Taylor Jr. |
| 1992 | Edmond H. Fischer, Edwin G. Krebs | Rudolph A. Marcus | Georges Charpak |
| 1991 | Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann | Richard R. Ernst | Pierre-Gilles de Gennes |
| 1990 | Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnall Thomas | Elias James Corey | Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall, Richard E. Taylor |
| 1989 | J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus | Sidney Altman, Thomas R. Cech | Norman F. Ramsey, Hans G. Dehmelt, Wolfgang Paul |
| 1988 | Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings | Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel | Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger |
| 1987 | Susumu Tonegawa | Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles J. Pedersen | J. Georg Bednorz, K. Alex Müller |
| 1986 | Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini | Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee, John C. Polanyi | Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer |
| 1985 | Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein | Herbert A. Hauptman, Jerome Karle | Klaus von Klitzing |
| 1984 | Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler, César Milstein | Bruce Merrifield | Carlo Rubbia, Simon van der Meer |
| 1983 | Barbara McClintock | Henry Taube | Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, William A. Fowler |
| 1982 | Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, John R. Vane | Aaron Klug | Kenneth G. Wilson |
| 1981 | Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel | Kenichi Fukui, Roald Hoffmann | Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur L. Schawlow, Kai M. Siegbahn |
| 1980 | Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, George D. Snell | Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert, Frederick Sanger | James Cronin, Val Fitch |
| 1979 | Allan M. Cormack, Godfrey N. Hounsfield | Herbert C. Brown, Georg Wittig | Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, Steven Weinberg |
| 1978 | Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith | Peter Mitchell | Pyotr Kapitsa, Arno Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson |
| 1977 | Roger Guillemin, Andrew V. Schally, Rosalyn Yalow | Ilya Prigogine | Philip W. Anderson, Sir Nevill F. Mott, John H. van Vleck |
| 1976 | Baruch S. Blumberg, D. Carleton Gajdusek | William Lipscomb | Burton Richter, Samuel C.C. Ting |
| 1975 | David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard M. Temin | John Cornforth, Vladimir Prelog | Aage N. Bohr, Ben R. Mottelson, James Rainwater |
| 1974 | Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George E. Palade | Paul J. Flory | Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish |
| 1973 | Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen | Ernst Otto Fischer, Geoffrey Wilkinson | Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever, Brian D. Josephson |
| 1972 | Gerald M. Edelman, Rodney R. Porter | Christian Anfinsen, Stanford Moore, William H. Stein | John Bardeen, Leon N. Cooper, Robert Schrieffer |
| 1971 | Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. | Gerhard Herzberg | Dennis Gabor |
| 1970 | Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler, Julius Axelrod | Luis Leloir | Hannes Alfvén, Louis Néel |
| 1969 | Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador E. Luria | Derek Barton, Odd Hassel | Murray Gell-Mann |
| 1968 | Robert W. Holley, H. Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg | Lars Onsager | Luis Alvarez |
| 1967 | Ragnar Granit, Haldan K. Hartline, George Wald | Manfred Eigen, Ronald G.W. Norrish, George Porter | Hans Bethe |
| 1966 | Peyton Rous, Charles B. Huggins | Robert S. Mulliken | Alfred Kastler |
| 1965 | François Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Monod | Robert B. Woodward | Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, Richard P. Feynman |
| 1964 | Konrad Bloch, Feodor Lynen | Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin | Charles H. Townes, Nicolay G. Basov, Aleksandr M. Prokhorov |
| 1963 | Sir John Eccles, Alan L. Hodgkin, Andrew F. Huxley | Karl Ziegler, Giulio Natta | Eugene Wigner, Maria Goeppert-Mayer, J. Hans D. Jensen |
| 1962 | Francis Crick, James Watson, Maurice Wilkins | Max F. Perutz, John C. Kendrew | Lev Landau |
| 1961 | Georg von Békésy | Melvin Calvin | Robert Hofstadter, Rudolf Mössbauer |
| 1960 | Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Peter Medawar | Willard F. Libby | Donald A. Glaser |
| 1959 | Severo Ochoa, Arthur Kornberg | Jaroslav Heyrovsky | Emilio Segrč, Owen Chamberlain |
| 1958 | George Beadle, Edward Tatum, Joshua Lederberg | Frederick Sanger | Pavel A. Cherenkov, Il´ja M. Frank, Igor Y. Tamm |
| 1957 | Daniel Bovet | Lord Todd | Chen Ning Yang, Tsung-Dao Lee |
| 1956 | André F. Cournand, Werner Forssmann, Dickinson W. Richards | Sir Cyril Hinshelwood, Nikolay Semenov | William B. Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain |
| 1955 | Hugo Theorell | Vincent du Vigneaud | Willis E. Lamb, Polykarp Kusch |
| 1954 | John F. Enders, Thomas H. Weller, Frederick C. Robbins | Linus Pauling | Max Born, Walther Bothe |
| 1953 | Hans Krebs, Fritz Lipmann | Hermann Staudinger | Frits Zernike |
| 1952 | Selman A. Waksman | Archer J.P. Martin, Richard L.M. Synge | Felix Bloch, E. M. Purcell |
| 1951 | Max Theiler | Edwin M. McMillan, Glenn T. Seaborg | John Cockcroft, Ernest T.S. Walton |
| 1950 | Edward C. Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein, Philip S. Hench | Otto Diels, Kurt Alder | Cecil Powell |
| 1949 | Walter Hess, Egas Moniz | William F. Giauque | Hideki Yukawa |
| 1948 | Paul Müller | Arne Tiselius | Patrick M.S. Blackett |
| 1947 | Carl Cori, Gerty Cori, Bernardo Houssay | Sir Robert Robinson | Edward V. Appleton |
| 1946 | Hermann J. Muller | James B. Sumner, John H. Northrop, Wendell M. Stanley | Percy W. Bridgman |
| 1945 | Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst B. Chain, Sir Howard Florey | Artturi Virtanen | Wolfgang Pauli |
| 1944 | Joseph Erlanger, Herbert S. Gasser | Otto Hahn | Isidor Isaac Rabi |
| 1943 | Henrik Dam, Edward A. Doisy | George de Hevesy | Otto Stern |
| 1942 | no prize awarded | no prize awarded | no prize awarded |
| 1941 | no prize awarded | no prize awarded | no prize awarded |
| 1940 | no prize awarded | no prize awarded | no prize awarded |
| 1939 | Gerhard Domagk | Adolf Butenandt, Leopold Ruzicka | Ernest Lawrence |
| 1938 | Corneille Heymans | Richard Kuhn | Enrico Fermi |
| 1937 | Albert Szent-Györgyi | Norman Haworth, Paul Karrer | Clinton Davisson, George Paget Thomson |
| 1936 | Sir Henry Dale, Otto Loewi | Peter Debye | Victor F. Hess, Carl D. Anderson |
| 1935 | Hans Spemann | Frédéric Joliot, Irčne Joliot-Curie | James Chadwick |
| 1934 | George H. Whipple, George R. Minot, William P. Murphy | Harold C. Urey | no prize awarded |
| 1933 | Thomas H. Morgan | no prize awarded | Erwin Schrödinger, Paul A.M. Dirac |
| 1932 | Sir Charles Sherrington, Edgar Adrian | Irving Langmuir | Werner Heisenberg |
| 1931 | Otto Warburg | Carl Bosch, Friedrich Bergius | no prize awarded |
| 1930 | Karl Landsteiner | Hans Fischer | Venkata Raman |
| 1929 | Christiaan Eijkman, Sir Frederick Hopkins | Arthur Harden, Hans von Euler-Chelpin | Louis de Broglie |
| 1928 | Charles Nicolle | Adolf Windaus | Owen Willans Richardson |
| 1927 | Julius Wagner-Jauregg | Heinrich Wieland | Arthur H. Compton, C.T.R. Wilson |
| 1926 | Johannes Fibiger | The Svedberg | Jean Baptiste Perrin |
| 1925 | no prize awarded | Richard Zsigmondy | James Franck, Gustav Hertz |
| 1924 | Willem Einthoven | no prize awarded | Manne Siegbahn |
| 1923 | Frederick G. Banting, John Macleod | Fritz Pregl | Robert A. Millikan |
| 1922 | Archibald V. Hill, Otto Meyerhof | Francis W. Aston | Niels Bohr |
| 1921 | no prize awarded | Frederick Soddy | Albert Einstein |
| 1920 | August Krogh | Walther Nernst | Charles Edouard Guillaume |
| 1919 | Jules Bordet | no prize awarded | Johannes Stark |
| 1918 | no prize awarded | Fritz Haber | Max Planck |
| 1917 | no prize awarded | no prize awarded | Charles Glover Barkla |
| 1916 | no prize awarded | no prize awarded | no prize awarded |
| 1915 | no prize awarded | Richard Willstätter | William Bragg, Lawrence Bragg |
| 1914 | Robert Bárány | Theodore W. Richards | Max von Laue |
| 1913 | Charles Richet | Alfred Werner | Heike Kamerlingh Onnes |
| 1912 | Alexis Carrel | Victor Grignard, Paul Sabatier | Gustaf Dalén |
| 1911 | Allvar Gullstrand | Marie Curie | Wilhelm Wien |
| 1910 | Albrecht Kossel | Otto Wallach | Johannes Diderik van der Waals |
| 1909 | Theodor Kocher | Wilhelm Ostwald | Guglielmo Marconi, Ferdinand Braun |
| 1908 | Ilya Mechnikov, Paul Ehrlich | Ernest Rutherford | Gabriel Lippmann |
| 1907 | Alphonse Laveran | Eduard Buchner | Albert A. Michelson |
| 1906 | Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ramón y Cajal | Henri Moissan | J.J. Thomson |
| 1905 | Robert Koch | Adolf von Baeyer | Philipp Lenard |
| 1904 | Ivan Pavlov | Sir William Ramsay | Lord Rayleigh |
| 1903 | Niels Ryberg Finsen | Svante Arrhenius | Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, Marie Curie |
| 1902 | Ronald Ross | Emil Fischer | Hendrik A. Lorentz, Pieter Zeeman |
| 1901 | Emil von Behring | Jacobus H. van 't Hoff | Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen |
Nobel Laureates Continued
| Year | Nobel Prize in Literature | Nobel Peace Prize | The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | Announced later this year | International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Mohamed ElBaradei | Robert J. Aumann, Thomas C. Schelling |
| 2004 | Elfriede Jelinek | Wangari Maathai | Finn E. Kydland, Edward C. Prescott |
| 2003 | J.M. Coetzee | Shirin Ebadi | Robert F. Engle III, Clive W.J. Granger |
| 2002 | Imre Kertész | Jimmy Carter | Daniel Kahneman, Vernon L. Smith |
| 2001 | V.S. Naipaul | United Nations, Kofi Annan | George A. Akerlof, A. Michael Spence, Joseph E. Stiglitz |
| 2000 | Gao Xingjian | Kim Dae-jung | James J. Heckman, Daniel L. McFadden |
| 1999 | Günter Grass | Médecins Sans Frontičres | Robert A. Mundell |
| 1998 | José Saramago | John Hume, David Trimble | Amartya Sen |
| 1997 | Dario Fo | International Campaign to Ban Landmines, Jody Williams | Robert C. Merton, Myron S. Scholes |
| 1996 | Wislawa Szymborska | Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, José Ramos-Horta | James A. Mirrlees, William Vickrey |
| 1995 | Seamus Heaney | Joseph Rotblat, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affair | Robert E. Lucas Jr. |
| 1994 | Kenzaburo Oe | Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin | John C. Harsanyi, John F. Nash Jr., Reinhard Selten |
| 1993 | Toni Morrison | Nelson Mandela, F.W. de Klerk | Robert W. Fogel, Douglass C. North |
| 1992 | Derek Walcott | Rigoberta Menchú Tum | Gary S. Becker |
| 1991 | Nadine Gordimer | Aung San Suu Kyi | Ronald H. Coase |
| 1990 | Octavio Paz | Mikhail Gorbachev | Harry M. Markowitz, Merton H. Miller, William F. Sharpe |
| 1989 | Camilo José Cela | The 14th Dalai Lama | Trygve Haavelmo |
| 1988 | Naguib Mahfouz | United Nations Peacekeeping Forces | Maurice Allais |
| 1987 | Joseph Brodsky | Oscar Arias Sánchez | Robert M. Solow |
| 1986 | Wole Soyinka | Elie Wiesel | James M. Buchanan Jr. |
| 1985 | Claude Simon | International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War | Franco Modigliani |
| 1984 | Jaroslav Seifert | Desmond Tutu | Richard Stone |
| 1983 | William Golding | Lech Walesa | Gerard Debreu |
| 1982 | Gabriel García Márquez | Alva Myrdal, Alfonso García Robles | George J. Stigler |
| 1981 | Elias Canetti | Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | James Tobin |
| 1980 | Czeslaw Milosz | Adolfo Pérez Esquivel | Lawrence R. Klein |
| 1979 | Odysseus Elytis | Mother Teresa | Theodore W. Schultz, Sir Arthur Lewis |
| 1978 | Isaac Bashevis Singer | Anwar al-Sadat, Menachem Begin | Herbert A. Simon |
| 1977 | Vicente Aleixandre | Amnesty International | Bertil Ohlin, James E. Meade |
| 1976 | Saul Bellow | Betty Williams, Mairead Corrigan | Milton Friedman |
| 1975 | Eugenio Montale | Andrei Sakharov | Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich, Tjalling C. Koopmans |
| 1974 | Eyvind Johnson, Harry Martinson | Seán MacBride, Eisaku Sato | Gunnar Myrdal, Friedrich August von Hayek |
| 1973 | Patrick White | Henry Kissinger, Le Duc Tho | Wassily Leontief |
| 1972 | Heinrich Böll | No prize awarded | John R. Hicks, Kenneth J. Arrow |
| 1971 | Pablo Neruda | Willy Brandt | Simon Kuznets |
| 1970 | Alexandr Solzhenitsyn | Norman Borlaug | Paul A. Samuelson |
| 1969 | Samuel Beckett | International Labour Organization | Ragnar Frisch, Jan Tinbergen |
| 1968 | Yasunari Kawabata | René Cassin | |
| 1967 | Miguel Angel Asturias | no prize awarded | |
| 1966 | Samuel Agnon, Nelly Sachs | no prize awarded | |
| 1965 | Mikhail Sholokhov | United Nations Children's Fund | |
| 1964 | Jean-Paul Sartre | Martin Luther King | |
| 1963 | Giorgos Seferis | International Committee of the Red Cross, League of Red Cross S | |
| 1962 | John Steinbeck | Linus Pauling | |
| 1961 | Ivo Andric | Dag Hammarskjöld | |
| 1960 | Saint-John Perse | Albert Lutuli | |
| 1959 | Salvatore Quasimodo | Philip Noel-Baker | |
| 1958 | Boris Pasternak | Georges Pire | |
| 1957 | Albert Camus | Lester Bowles Pearson | |
| 1956 | Juan Ramón Jiménez | no prize awarded | |
| 1955 | Halldór Laxness | no prize awarded | |
| 1954 | Ernest Hemingway | Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | |
| 1953 | Winston Churchill | George C. Marshall | |
| 1952 | François Mauriac | Albert Schweitzer | |
| 1951 | Pär Lagerkvist | Léon Jouhaux | |
| 1950 | Bertrand Russell | Ralph Bunche | |
| 1949 | William Faulkner | Lord Boyd Orr | |
| 1948 | T.S. Eliot | no prize awarded | |
| 1947 | André Gide | Friends Service Council, American Friends Service Committee | |
| 1946 | Hermann Hesse | Emily Greene Balch, John R. Mott | |
| 1945 | Gabriela Mistral | Cordell Hull | |
| 1944 | Johannes V. Jensen | International Committee of the Red Cross | |
| 1943 | no prize awarded | no prize awarded | |
| 1942 | no prize awarded | no prize awarded | |
| 1941 | no prize awarded | no prize awarded | |
| 1940 | no prize awarded | no prize awarded | |
| 1939 | Frans Eemil Sillanpää | no prize awarded | |
| 1938 | Pearl Buck | Nansen International Office for Refugees | |
| 1937 | Roger Martin du Gard | Robert Cecil | |
| 1936 | Eugene O'Neill | Carlos Saavedra Lamas | |
| 1935 | no prize awarded | Carl von Ossietzky | |
| 1934 | Luigi Pirandello | Arthur Henderson | |
| 1933 | Ivan Bunin | Sir Norman Angell | |
| 1932 | John Galsworthy | no prize awarded | |
| 1931 | Erik Axel Karlfeldt | Jane Addams, Nicholas Murray Butler | |
| 1930 | Sinclair Lewis | Nathan Söderblom | |
| 1929 | Thomas Mann | Frank B. Kellogg | |
| 1928 | Sigrid Undset | no prize awarded | |
| 1927 | Henri Bergson | Ferdinand Buisson, Ludwig Quidde | |
| 1926 | Grazia Deledda | Aristide Briand, Gustav Stresemann | |
| 1925 | George Bernard Shaw | Sir Austen Chamberlain, Charles G. Dawes | |
| 1924 | Wladyslaw Reymont | no prize awarded | |
| 1923 | William Butler Yeats | no prize awarded | |
| 1922 | Jacinto Benavente | Fridtjof Nansen | |
| 1921 | Anatole France | Hjalmar Branting, Christian Lange | |
| 1920 | Knut Hamsun | Léon Bourgeois | |
| 1919 | Carl Spitteler | Woodrow Wilson | |
| 1918 | no prize awarded | no prize awarded | |
| 1917 | Karl Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan | International Committee of the Red Cross | |
| 1916 | Verner von Heidenstam | no prize awarded | |
| 1915 | Romain Rolland | no prize awarded | |
| 1914 | The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section | no prize awarded | |
| 1913 | Rabindranath Tagore | Henri La Fontaine | |
| 1912 | Gerhart Hauptmann | Elihu Root | |
| 1911 | Maurice Maeterlinck | Tobias Asser, Alfred Fried | |
| 1910 | Paul Heyse | Permanent International Peace Bureau | |
| 1909 | Selma Lagerlöf | Auguste Beernaert, Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant | |
| 1908 | Rudolf Eucken | Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Fredrik Bajer | |
| 1907 | Rudyard Kipling | Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Louis Renault | |
| 1906 | Giosuč Carducci | Theodore Roosevelt | |
| 1905 | Henryk Sienkiewicz | Bertha von Suttner | |
| 1904 | Frédéric Mistral, José Echegaray | Institute of International Law | |
| 1903 | Bjřrnstjerne Bjřrnson | Randal Cremer | |
| 1902 | Theodor Mommsen | Élie Ducommun, Albert Gobat | |
| 1901 | Sully Prudhomme | Henry Dunant, Frédéric Passy |